Sulfide charge
determined that HPMTF is a dominant oxidation product of DMS, yet the atmospheric fate of HPMTF was unknown. This isomerization process competes with the bimolecular chemistry of CH 3SCH 2OO
#SULFIDE CHARGE FULL#
Direct observations of the full suite of DMS oxidation products are limited, making it challenging to interpret the large variability in estimates of global sulfur dioxide (SO 2) yields (31 to 98%), in which SO 2 is an immediate precursor to sulfate aerosol ( SO 4 2 −) ( 3, 7). The oxidation of DMS ultimately leads to the production of sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA CH 3SO 3H), which contribute to new particle formation and growth ( 3– 6). The oceanic emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS CH 3SCH 3) is the largest natural source of reduced sulfur to the atmosphere ( 1, 2). This loss process potentially reduces the spatial scale over which DMS emissions contribute to aerosol production and growth and weakens the link between DMS emission and marine CCN production with subsequent implications for cloud formation, radiative forcing, and climate. This large, previously unconsidered loss process for volatile sulfur accelerates the timescale for the conversion of DMS to sulfate while limiting new particle formation in the marine atmosphere and changing the dynamics of aerosol growth. When accounting for HPMTF cloud loss in a global chemical transport model, we show that SO 2 production from DMS is reduced by 35% globally and near-surface (0 to 3 km) SO 2 concentrations over the ocean are lowered by 24%. Using direct airborne flux measurements, we demonstrate that the irreversible loss of HPMTF to clouds in the marine boundary layer determines the HPMTF lifetime ( τ HPMTF < 2 h) and terminates DMS oxidation to SO 2. In the unpolluted marine atmosphere, DMS is efficiently oxidized to hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), a stable intermediate in the chemical trajectory toward sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and ultimately sulfate aerosol. The quantitative assessment of the impact of DMS emissions on CCN concentrations necessitates a detailed description of the oxidation of DMS in the presence of existing aerosol particles and clouds. The oxidation of DMS leads to the formation and growth of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) with consequent effects on Earth’s radiation balance and climate. Oceans emit large quantities of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to the marine atmosphere. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Maximilian Dollner, Bernadett Weinzierl, Donald R. Thompson, Ilann Bourgeois, Carsten Warneke, Georgios I. Sulfite is also a chief component of acid rain, which is formed when the sulfur dioxide interacts with water molecules.Gordon A. Consumption of sulfites in wine and food is generally considered harmless, except in people who lack the bodily enzymes to break them down during digestion. Sulfites, or sulfur dioxide, is most commonly used as a preservative in wines and foods due to its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Examples of sulfides include zinc, copper, silver and mercury. Phosphine sulfides occur when the sulfur atom reacts with organic phosphines. Inorganic sulfides are ionic compounds or salts which contain a negatively charged sulfide ion. Organic sulfides are compounds in which sulfur is bonded to two organic groups. Sulfides, also spelled sulphides, come in three classes: organic sulfides, inorganic sulfides and phosphine sulfides. Sodium sulfate is used in the manufacturing of glass and paper.
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Sodium lauryl sulfate is a strong detergent used for removing oils and grease and is found in household cleaning products, face and body washes and shampoos. Sulfates, also spelled sulphates, are used in a variety of common products and processes.